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Beginning with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) release of the report Livestocks Long Shadow in 2006, the totality of the contribution of cattle to livelihoods, food security, and ecosystem services has been questioned when contrasted with their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and the environmental equilibrium.
However, debt-for-nature swaps are not a new tool and it seems worthwhile to revisit how this tool has been used to tackle the debt crisis and increasing deforestation in the 1980s. In response to the dual crisis of debt and deforestation, Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Fund introduced the concept of debt-for-nature swaps.
Coal companies routinely walked away from gaping chasms in the land, polluted streams, and deforestation. In recent rounds of reauthorization, Congress reduced the AML fee: the 2006 reauthorization reduced the fee by 10 percent in 2008, and another 10 percent in 2013. Entrance to a coal mine in Kentucky, 2011.
Biodiesel and renewable diesel are closely related fuels made from the same oils and fats, which remain scarce, expensive, and linked to deforestation and food price spikes. Net vegetable oil imports grew by about 4 MMT between 2006 and 2022, especially canola oil and palm oil, which have replaced soybean oil in food uses.
Globally, the rate of reforestation is catching up to a slowing rate of deforestation. [11] Food and Agriculture Organization, “Undernourishment around the world,” The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2006 (Rome: FAO, 2006), [link]. Central America, South America, Africa, and Oceania are still deforesting.
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